What is Quercetin, and why is it important?
Quercetin is found in many fruits and vegetables and may help prevent aging
Darius Bashar
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What is Quercetin?
Quercetin is a natural flavonoid and is therefore part of a large family of water-soluble plant substances. Flavonoids are not produced by the body itself and are an important part of a healthy diet.
Albert Szent-Györgyi discovered flavonoids in 1936 while researching ways to treat scurvy. He received the Nobel Prize in 1937 for his “discoveries relating to biological combustion processes with particular reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.” We owe him a lot, especially his discovery of flavonoids, particularly quercetin.
What is Quercetin used for?
Quercetin is usually taken because it is believed to be effective in treating various problems — such as helping the brain and immune system, slowing skin aging, improving NAD+ levels, eliminating senescent cells as a senolytic, lowering blood pressure, and alleviating allergies.
What does Quercetin do?
Quercetin is one of the most abundant antioxidants in the diet and plays a key role in reducing cell damage caused by free radicals. It may also have wider anti-inflammatory properties as it reduces the activity of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a pro-inflammatory molecule. Some research suggests that when combined with other drugs, it also has a senolytic effect and can destroy senescent cells, which are another reason for our aging.
Quercetin-rich foods include raw yellow peppers, raw red onions, cooked asparagus, raw cranberries, raw green peppers, raw blueberries, red leaf lettuce, raw white onions, canned tomatoes, red apples, gala apples, raw broccoli and blue grapes.
Because food sources vary widely, many people choose to take quercetin supplements to make sure they're getting enough of it. A typical dietary supplement contains 500 mg of quercetin, which is several times the amount found in the average diet.
Potential benefits of Quercetin
Some data suggests that quercetin intake may have a positive effect on health.
1. Quercetin is an antioxidant
Quercetin has shown antioxidant properties by neutralizing and capturing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Our bodies produce free radicals as a by-product of energy production in our mitochondria, which is likely one of the reasons for our aging. It also has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties.
2. Quercetin supports efficient protein production
Quercetin has the ability to improve proteolysis and maintain proteostasis. Proteostasis ensures that proteins are correctly formed and folded in the cell before they are used. The loss of proteostasis results in misfolded proteins and is another reason for our aging.
3. Quercetin appears to support the brain and immune system
Animal studies with aged mice showed that quercetin improves general and spatial awareness. The same mice also showed increased exploratory behavior, which is normally observed in younger mice.
Another study showed an improvement in the immune cells of artificially aged mice, which, although not an exact imitation of aging, still provide useful data for studying aging.
4. Quercetin can slow skin aging
Quercetin has also been shown to be effective in treating skin conditions such as dermatitis.
5. Quercetin may improve NAD+ levels
This compound reduces inflammation and increases NAD+ levels by reducing inflammatory factors such as CD38. NAD+ is present in every cell, interacts with sirtuins to regulate metabolism, and plays a role in health and longevity. CD38 increases with age and uses up NAD+, which increasingly disrupts our metabolism.
6. Quercetin as a senolytic
As we age, more and more dysfunctional, non-dividing senescent cells accumulate. Normally, these damaged cells are removed by the immune system, but as we age, this system weakens. The accumulation of senescent cells is one of the reasons for our aging.
Senescent cells secrete a cocktail of pro-inflammatory signals known as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP leads to chronic inflammatory states and an altered signaling environment between cells. This ongoing inflammation, known as “inflammaging,” is considered one of the driving forces of aging.
Senolytics are compounds that can drive senescent cells into apoptosis. Triggering this cellular self-destruction could be a possible way to combat the accumulation of senescent cells.
Quercetin reduces inflammation by inhibiting some elements of SASP. When combined with other drugs to improve vascular health, it can also directly trigger apoptosis.
7. Quercetin may lower blood pressure
This flavonoid has shown promise for reducing blood pressure for people with high blood pressure, with some positive results. A detailed meta-analysis of quercetin and blood pressure was also carried out.
8. Quercetin may help with allergies
Quercetin has been shown to prevent immune cells from releasing histamines. This antihistamine effect may reduce symptoms of allergies, such as runny nose, watery eyes, hives, and facial swelling.
Quercetin safety and its side effects
No serious adverse effects have been reported when taking quercetin. Studies have shown that it is safe to take at a dosage of 500 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. Longer term use and higher doses are currently unknown. Some people may experience headaches, stomach pain, or tingling if they take more than 1000 mg of quercetin per day. As with all dietary supplements, any adverse effects should be discontinued and a doctor should be consulted.
Disclaimer
This article is just a very brief summary. It is not intended as a complete guide and is based on the interpretation of research data, which is naturally speculative. This article is not a substitute for consulting with your doctor about which supplements are or are not right for you.
The original article was published on Lifespan.io and was republished here with their consent.
References
- Hanasaki, Y., Ogawa, S., Fukui, S. (1994). The correlation between active oxygens scavenging and antioxidant effects of flavonoids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 16 (6), 845-850.
- Van Acker, S.A., et al. (1996). Structural aspects of antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 20 (3), 331-342.
- Boots, A.W., Haenen, G.R., Bast, A. (2008). Health effects of quercetin:from antioxidant to nutraceutical.European Journal of Pharmacology, 585 (2), 325-337.
- Cushnie, T. T., Lamb, A. J. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 26 (5), 343-356.
- Sen, G., Biswas, D., Ray, M., Biswas, T. (2007). Albumin—quercetin combination offers a therapeutic advantage in the prevention of reduced survival of erythrocytes in visceral leishmaniasis. Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases 39 (3) ,245-254.
- Orsolić, N., et al. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94 (2), 307-315.
- Gulati, N., et al. (2006). The antiproliferative effect of quercetin in cancer cells is mediated via inhibition of the PI3K-Act/pKB pathway. Anticancer Research, 26 (2A), 1177-1181.
- Kuo, S.M. (1996). Antiproliferative potency of structurally distinct dietary flavonoids on human colon cancer cells. Cancer Letters, 110 (1), 41-48.
- Landis‐Piwowar, K.R., Milacic, V., Dou, Q.P. (2008). Relationship between the methylation status of dietary flavonoids and their growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities in human cancer cells.Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 105 (2), 514-523.
- Orsolić, N., et al. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds.Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94 (2), 307-315.
- Zamin, L.L., et al. (2009). Resveratrol and quercetin cooperate to induce senescence‐like growth arrest in C6 rat glioma cells. Cancer Science, 100 (9), 1655-1662.
- Trougakos, I.P., et al. (2003). Slowing down cellular aging in vitro. Modulating Aging and Longevity Kluwer Academic Publishers, 65-83.
- Chondrogianni, N., et al. (2010). Anti-Ageing and Rejuvenating Effects of Quercetin.Experimental Gerontology,45 (10) ,763-771.
- Liu, J., Yu, H., Ning, X (2006). Effect of quercetin on chronic enhancement of spatial learning and memory of mice.Science in China Series C:Life Sciences,49 (6) ,583-590.
- Alvarez, P., et al. (2006). Improvement of leukocyte functions in prematurely aging mice after five weeks of diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich cereals. Nutrition, 22 (9), 913-921.
- Jung, M.K., Hur, D.Y., Song, S.B., Park, Y., Kim, T.S., Bang, S.I.,... & Cho, D.H. (2010). Tannic acid and quercetin display a therapeutic effect in atopic dermatitis via suppression of angiogenesis and TARC expression in Nc/Nga mice. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 130 (5), 1459-1463.
- Weng, Z., Zhang, B., Asadi, S., Sismanopoulos, N., Butcher, A., Fu, X,... & Theoharides, T.C. (2012). Quercetin is more effective than cromolyn in blocking human mast cell cytokines release and inhibits contact dermatitis and photosensitivity in humans. PLoS One, 7 (3), e33805
- Karuppagounder, V., Arumugam, S., Thandavarayan, R.A., Sreedhar, R., Giridharan, V.V., & Watanabe, K. (2016). Molecular targets of quercetin with anti-inflammatory properties in atopic dermatitis. Drug Discovery Today, 21 (4), 632-639.
- Escande, C., Nin, V., Price, N.L., Capellini, V., Gomes, A.P., Barbosa, M.T.,... & Chini, E.N. (2013). Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ase CD38 Implications for Cellular NAD+ Metabolism, Protein Acetylation, and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes, 62 (4), 1084-1093.
- Camacho-Pereira, J., Tarrago, M.G., Chini, C.C., Nin, V., Escande, C., Warner, G.M.,... & Chini, E.N. (2016). CD38 dictates age-related NAD decline and mitochondrial dysfunction through an SirT3-dependent mechanism. Cell Metabolism, 23 (6), 1127-1139.
- Schultz, M.B., & Sinclair, D.A. (2016). Why NAD+ Declines during Aging: It's Destroyed. Cell metabolism, 23 (6), 965-966.
- Coppé, J.P., Desprez, P.Y., Krtolica, A., & Campisi, J. (2010). The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: the dark side of tumor suppression. Annual Review of Pathology, 5, 99.
- Lopez-Otín, C., Blasco, M.A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M., & Krömer, G. (2013). The hallmarks of aging. Cell, 153 (6), 1194-1217.
- van Deursen, J.M. (2014). The role of senescent cells in aging. Nature, 509 (7501), 439-446.
- Zhu, Y., Tchkonia, T., Pirtskhalava, T., Gower, A.C., Ding, H., Giorgadze, N.,... & O'Hara, S.P. (2015). The Achilles' heel of senescent cells: from transcriptome to senolytic drugs.Aging cell, 14 (4) ,644-658.
- Roos, C.M., Zhang, B., Palmer, A.K., Ogrodnik, M.B., Pirtskhalava, T., Thalji, N.M.,... & Zhu, Y. (2016). Chronic senolytic treatment alleviates established vasomotor dysfunction in aged or atherosclerotic mice. Aging Cell, 15 (5), 973-977.
- Edwards, R.L., Lyon, T., Litwin, S.E., Rabovsky, A., Symons, J.D., & Jalili, T. (2007). Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. The Journal of Nutrition, 137 (11), 2405-2411.
- Serban, M.C., Sahebkar, A., Zanchetti, A., Mikhailidis, D.P., Howard, G., Antal, D.,... & Lip, G.Y. (2016). Effects of Quercetin on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, 5 (7), e002713.
Publiziert
22.7.2024
Kategorie
Lifestyle
Experte
Scientific Terms
Carcinogen
carcino, Greek = cancer; gene = produce
Carcinogens are substances and radiation that cause cancer or make cancer more likely. This can happen by inhaling, swallowing or absorbing substances through the skin.
Proteostasis
The term proteostasis comprises various interlinked processes that control protein activity at the cellular level.
Proteolysis
From Greek lysis, “solution, resolution”
Proteolysis is the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins by peptidases, i.e. the breakdown of proteins. Autoproteolysis is when a peptidase breaks down itself. Proteolysis can be inhibited by protease inhibitors.
NAD
Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide, a chemical used for more than five hundred chemical reactions and for sirtuins, which remove aceryl groups from other proteins, such as histones, to turn off genes or give them cell protective functions. A healthy diet and exercise increase NAD levels. The “+” sign that you sometimes see, as in NAD, indicates that it has no hydrogen aroma.
Sirtuin
Enzymes that control longevity: They are found in organisms ranging from yeast to humans and require NAD to function. They remove acetyl and acyl groups from proteins to instruct them to protect cells from adversity, disease, and death. When fasting or exercising, sirtuin and NAD levels rise, which could explain why these activities are healthy. The SIRT genes (Sir2 homologues 1 to 7), which are named after the SIR2 gene in yeast, play a key role in protecting mammals against disease and decay.
Senolytics
Senolytics are agents which can induce apoptosis of aged (senescent) cells and thus potentially reduce signs of aging
Seneszens
Latin senescere “getting old”, “aging”
The process of deterioration with age.
Apoptosis
From Greek. apoptōsis = the fall off, e.g. of a leaf
Apoptosis is a strictly regulated physiological process in the form of “cell suicide”, which plays an important role in the development, maintenance and aging of multicellular organisms and in which individual cells are eliminated in a planned manner.
What is Quercetin?
Quercetin is a natural flavonoid and is therefore part of a large family of water-soluble plant substances. Flavonoids are not produced by the body itself and are an important part of a healthy diet.
Albert Szent-Györgyi discovered flavonoids in 1936 while researching ways to treat scurvy. He received the Nobel Prize in 1937 for his “discoveries relating to biological combustion processes with particular reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.” We owe him a lot, especially his discovery of flavonoids, particularly quercetin.
What is Quercetin used for?
Quercetin is usually taken because it is believed to be effective in treating various problems — such as helping the brain and immune system, slowing skin aging, improving NAD+ levels, eliminating senescent cells as a senolytic, lowering blood pressure, and alleviating allergies.
What does Quercetin do?
Quercetin is one of the most abundant antioxidants in the diet and plays a key role in reducing cell damage caused by free radicals. It may also have wider anti-inflammatory properties as it reduces the activity of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a pro-inflammatory molecule. Some research suggests that when combined with other drugs, it also has a senolytic effect and can destroy senescent cells, which are another reason for our aging.
Quercetin-rich foods include raw yellow peppers, raw red onions, cooked asparagus, raw cranberries, raw green peppers, raw blueberries, red leaf lettuce, raw white onions, canned tomatoes, red apples, gala apples, raw broccoli and blue grapes.
Because food sources vary widely, many people choose to take quercetin supplements to make sure they're getting enough of it. A typical dietary supplement contains 500 mg of quercetin, which is several times the amount found in the average diet.
Potential benefits of Quercetin
Some data suggests that quercetin intake may have a positive effect on health.
1. Quercetin is an antioxidant
Quercetin has shown antioxidant properties by neutralizing and capturing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Our bodies produce free radicals as a by-product of energy production in our mitochondria, which is likely one of the reasons for our aging. It also has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties.
2. Quercetin supports efficient protein production
Quercetin has the ability to improve proteolysis and maintain proteostasis. Proteostasis ensures that proteins are correctly formed and folded in the cell before they are used. The loss of proteostasis results in misfolded proteins and is another reason for our aging.
3. Quercetin appears to support the brain and immune system
Animal studies with aged mice showed that quercetin improves general and spatial awareness. The same mice also showed increased exploratory behavior, which is normally observed in younger mice.
Another study showed an improvement in the immune cells of artificially aged mice, which, although not an exact imitation of aging, still provide useful data for studying aging.
4. Quercetin can slow skin aging
Quercetin has also been shown to be effective in treating skin conditions such as dermatitis.
5. Quercetin may improve NAD+ levels
This compound reduces inflammation and increases NAD+ levels by reducing inflammatory factors such as CD38. NAD+ is present in every cell, interacts with sirtuins to regulate metabolism, and plays a role in health and longevity. CD38 increases with age and uses up NAD+, which increasingly disrupts our metabolism.
6. Quercetin as a senolytic
As we age, more and more dysfunctional, non-dividing senescent cells accumulate. Normally, these damaged cells are removed by the immune system, but as we age, this system weakens. The accumulation of senescent cells is one of the reasons for our aging.
Senescent cells secrete a cocktail of pro-inflammatory signals known as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP leads to chronic inflammatory states and an altered signaling environment between cells. This ongoing inflammation, known as “inflammaging,” is considered one of the driving forces of aging.
Senolytics are compounds that can drive senescent cells into apoptosis. Triggering this cellular self-destruction could be a possible way to combat the accumulation of senescent cells.
Quercetin reduces inflammation by inhibiting some elements of SASP. When combined with other drugs to improve vascular health, it can also directly trigger apoptosis.
7. Quercetin may lower blood pressure
This flavonoid has shown promise for reducing blood pressure for people with high blood pressure, with some positive results. A detailed meta-analysis of quercetin and blood pressure was also carried out.
8. Quercetin may help with allergies
Quercetin has been shown to prevent immune cells from releasing histamines. This antihistamine effect may reduce symptoms of allergies, such as runny nose, watery eyes, hives, and facial swelling.
Quercetin safety and its side effects
No serious adverse effects have been reported when taking quercetin. Studies have shown that it is safe to take at a dosage of 500 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. Longer term use and higher doses are currently unknown. Some people may experience headaches, stomach pain, or tingling if they take more than 1000 mg of quercetin per day. As with all dietary supplements, any adverse effects should be discontinued and a doctor should be consulted.
Disclaimer
This article is just a very brief summary. It is not intended as a complete guide and is based on the interpretation of research data, which is naturally speculative. This article is not a substitute for consulting with your doctor about which supplements are or are not right for you.
The original article was published on Lifespan.io and was republished here with their consent.
Experte
Referenzen
- Hanasaki, Y., Ogawa, S., Fukui, S. (1994). The correlation between active oxygens scavenging and antioxidant effects of flavonoids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 16 (6), 845-850.
- Van Acker, S.A., et al. (1996). Structural aspects of antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 20 (3), 331-342.
- Boots, A.W., Haenen, G.R., Bast, A. (2008). Health effects of quercetin:from antioxidant to nutraceutical.European Journal of Pharmacology, 585 (2), 325-337.
- Cushnie, T. T., Lamb, A. J. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 26 (5), 343-356.
- Sen, G., Biswas, D., Ray, M., Biswas, T. (2007). Albumin—quercetin combination offers a therapeutic advantage in the prevention of reduced survival of erythrocytes in visceral leishmaniasis. Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases 39 (3) ,245-254.
- Orsolić, N., et al. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94 (2), 307-315.
- Gulati, N., et al. (2006). The antiproliferative effect of quercetin in cancer cells is mediated via inhibition of the PI3K-Act/pKB pathway. Anticancer Research, 26 (2A), 1177-1181.
- Kuo, S.M. (1996). Antiproliferative potency of structurally distinct dietary flavonoids on human colon cancer cells. Cancer Letters, 110 (1), 41-48.
- Landis‐Piwowar, K.R., Milacic, V., Dou, Q.P. (2008). Relationship between the methylation status of dietary flavonoids and their growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities in human cancer cells.Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 105 (2), 514-523.
- Orsolić, N., et al. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds.Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94 (2), 307-315.
- Zamin, L.L., et al. (2009). Resveratrol and quercetin cooperate to induce senescence‐like growth arrest in C6 rat glioma cells. Cancer Science, 100 (9), 1655-1662.
- Trougakos, I.P., et al. (2003). Slowing down cellular aging in vitro. Modulating Aging and Longevity Kluwer Academic Publishers, 65-83.
- Chondrogianni, N., et al. (2010). Anti-Ageing and Rejuvenating Effects of Quercetin.Experimental Gerontology,45 (10) ,763-771.
- Liu, J., Yu, H., Ning, X (2006). Effect of quercetin on chronic enhancement of spatial learning and memory of mice.Science in China Series C:Life Sciences,49 (6) ,583-590.
- Alvarez, P., et al. (2006). Improvement of leukocyte functions in prematurely aging mice after five weeks of diet supplementation with polyphenol-rich cereals. Nutrition, 22 (9), 913-921.
- Jung, M.K., Hur, D.Y., Song, S.B., Park, Y., Kim, T.S., Bang, S.I.,... & Cho, D.H. (2010). Tannic acid and quercetin display a therapeutic effect in atopic dermatitis via suppression of angiogenesis and TARC expression in Nc/Nga mice. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 130 (5), 1459-1463.
- Weng, Z., Zhang, B., Asadi, S., Sismanopoulos, N., Butcher, A., Fu, X,... & Theoharides, T.C. (2012). Quercetin is more effective than cromolyn in blocking human mast cell cytokines release and inhibits contact dermatitis and photosensitivity in humans. PLoS One, 7 (3), e33805
- Karuppagounder, V., Arumugam, S., Thandavarayan, R.A., Sreedhar, R., Giridharan, V.V., & Watanabe, K. (2016). Molecular targets of quercetin with anti-inflammatory properties in atopic dermatitis. Drug Discovery Today, 21 (4), 632-639.
- Escande, C., Nin, V., Price, N.L., Capellini, V., Gomes, A.P., Barbosa, M.T.,... & Chini, E.N. (2013). Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ase CD38 Implications for Cellular NAD+ Metabolism, Protein Acetylation, and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes, 62 (4), 1084-1093.
- Camacho-Pereira, J., Tarrago, M.G., Chini, C.C., Nin, V., Escande, C., Warner, G.M.,... & Chini, E.N. (2016). CD38 dictates age-related NAD decline and mitochondrial dysfunction through an SirT3-dependent mechanism. Cell Metabolism, 23 (6), 1127-1139.
- Schultz, M.B., & Sinclair, D.A. (2016). Why NAD+ Declines during Aging: It's Destroyed. Cell metabolism, 23 (6), 965-966.
- Coppé, J.P., Desprez, P.Y., Krtolica, A., & Campisi, J. (2010). The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: the dark side of tumor suppression. Annual Review of Pathology, 5, 99.
- Lopez-Otín, C., Blasco, M.A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M., & Krömer, G. (2013). The hallmarks of aging. Cell, 153 (6), 1194-1217.
- van Deursen, J.M. (2014). The role of senescent cells in aging. Nature, 509 (7501), 439-446.
- Zhu, Y., Tchkonia, T., Pirtskhalava, T., Gower, A.C., Ding, H., Giorgadze, N.,... & O'Hara, S.P. (2015). The Achilles' heel of senescent cells: from transcriptome to senolytic drugs.Aging cell, 14 (4) ,644-658.
- Roos, C.M., Zhang, B., Palmer, A.K., Ogrodnik, M.B., Pirtskhalava, T., Thalji, N.M.,... & Zhu, Y. (2016). Chronic senolytic treatment alleviates established vasomotor dysfunction in aged or atherosclerotic mice. Aging Cell, 15 (5), 973-977.
- Edwards, R.L., Lyon, T., Litwin, S.E., Rabovsky, A., Symons, J.D., & Jalili, T. (2007). Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. The Journal of Nutrition, 137 (11), 2405-2411.
- Serban, M.C., Sahebkar, A., Zanchetti, A., Mikhailidis, D.P., Howard, G., Antal, D.,... & Lip, G.Y. (2016). Effects of Quercetin on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, 5 (7), e002713.
Publiziert
22.7.2024
Kategorie
Lifestyle
Wissenschaftliche Begriffe
Carcinogen
carcino, Greek = cancer; gene = produce
Carcinogens are substances and radiation that cause cancer or make cancer more likely. This can happen by inhaling, swallowing or absorbing substances through the skin.
Proteostasis
The term proteostasis comprises various interlinked processes that control protein activity at the cellular level.
Proteolysis
From Greek lysis, “solution, resolution”
Proteolysis is the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins by peptidases, i.e. the breakdown of proteins. Autoproteolysis is when a peptidase breaks down itself. Proteolysis can be inhibited by protease inhibitors.
NAD
Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide, a chemical used for more than five hundred chemical reactions and for sirtuins, which remove aceryl groups from other proteins, such as histones, to turn off genes or give them cell protective functions. A healthy diet and exercise increase NAD levels. The “+” sign that you sometimes see, as in NAD, indicates that it has no hydrogen aroma.
Sirtuin
Enzymes that control longevity: They are found in organisms ranging from yeast to humans and require NAD to function. They remove acetyl and acyl groups from proteins to instruct them to protect cells from adversity, disease, and death. When fasting or exercising, sirtuin and NAD levels rise, which could explain why these activities are healthy. The SIRT genes (Sir2 homologues 1 to 7), which are named after the SIR2 gene in yeast, play a key role in protecting mammals against disease and decay.
Senolytics
Senolytics are agents which can induce apoptosis of aged (senescent) cells and thus potentially reduce signs of aging
Seneszens
Latin senescere “getting old”, “aging”
The process of deterioration with age.
Apoptosis
From Greek. apoptōsis = the fall off, e.g. of a leaf
Apoptosis is a strictly regulated physiological process in the form of “cell suicide”, which plays an important role in the development, maintenance and aging of multicellular organisms and in which individual cells are eliminated in a planned manner.
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